In AD 43 Britain was invaded and conquered under Claudius. Apparently, thereafter the demand for money far exceded the official supply and locals began minting imitations of AE prototypes of Claudius. The most commonly imitated prototype is the copper as with Minerva right brandishing spear and shield reverse seen here. A second imitated type, the SPES AVGVSTA sestertius, in discussed below. Most British imitations of AE must be regarded as "money of necesssity" rather than imitations for profit. Only a small fraction could be deceptive; many are obviously much smaller, lighter, and cruder than the official coins. But they seem to have been commonly used and some were even validated by countermarks.

Prototype:  Bare head left
TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PR TRP IMP PP
    /S  C on either side of Minerva brandishing spear in right,
    holding shield in left
    28 mm.  6:60.
RIC 116. BMC 207.  Struck c. 50-54.
RIC I, 100, plate 16 says "weight peak c. 11.25 - 9.50 grams."  Most of the imitations weigh distinctly less.
Sutherland, Imitations, NNM 65 classifies imitations by fidelity to this original
B&S XV, p.70-136 has many imitations illustrated.

    Other similar imitations found in England include as-sized types of Agrippa/Neptune and of Augustus as DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER/PROVIDENT, and an Augustus/ROM ET AVG altar of Lugdunum piece. Also, a LIBERTAS AVGVSTA piece.

    Images on this page link to larger images, but not to further discussion.

The imitations here are of varying degrees of resemblence to the prototype.
    1)  full-size and nearly official style
    2)  official style, but small and thin flan, probably cast
    3)  very crude
    4)  retrograde Warren Esty (c) Copyright
    5)  hybrid with obverse of Tiberius
    6)  countermarked for validation as official
    7)  Balkan SPES sestertius imitation
    8)  small, thin, and very light weight
    9)  CERES, very close to official style
    10)  Divus Augustus
    11)  Agrippa
    12)  Claudius as, probably official, but a close call
    13)  ROM ET AVG imitation of Augustus

Imitations of Claudius.

27 mm.  3:00. 5.04 grams
This crude imitation on a thin flan has almost full lettering which is not far from the letter-forms of the prototype. One can almost make out:
TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AV[G] I... in irregular letters.
    The reverse is not far from the official style.
 

28 mm.  6:30.  12.63 grams
Could this be official? It is full size and full weight, but the heavy brow of the portrait makes it a close call.
 

    24 mm. 11:00. 4.81 grams
Retrograde reverse.
Obverse legend very crude with letter-like forms, but not real letters.
 

   24-22 mm. 6:00. 4.62 grams
Good style Tiberius obverse.
[TI] CAESAR AVGVS F IMPERA...
Laureate head of Tiberius right
    /Minerva
Prototype:  Obverse of "ROM ET AVG" dupondius, BMC 575, see plate 21.4-5 "AD 9-11"
Imitation, reference:  B&S IX p. 206 ff, #36 obverse; 371 is this type hybrid with different dies, p. 222.
 

    24 mm. 6:00. 3.93 grams. Thin flan.
No legible letters, nose weak.
    /Clear Minerva, bold S  C.
 

    25-22 mm. 6:00. 5.48 grams
Crude style. Only a hint of lettering.
    /"Minerva" seems to be rendered as a male.
 

    23 mm. 4:30. 3.93 grams.
Very much off center to 9:00. Weak letters, perahps ...SARAV...
    /Minerva's body flat struck, but shield bold.  S  C 2/3 clipped.
Reference:  This piece is the plate coin in P. J. Casey Roman Coinage in Britain, plate 8.5.
 

    26 mm. 5:00. 7.86 grams.
Good style. Excellent lettering. Could almost be official and poorly sturck, but for the light weight.
...CAESAR AVG PM TRP
    /Usual reverse, "S" flat struck.
Reference:  B&S XV, 569/1.
 

    28-25 mm.  6:00.  5.48 grams.
Good style, but shallow strike, and now black encrusted.
Can barely make out TI CLA[VDIVS CAESAR AVG] PM TRP IMP
 

    23 mm. 5:50. 5.20 grams
Good style and good lettering, but trimmed 4:00-11:00. Could this be a cast? It does have some sharpness along the edge not unlike a casting seam.
...ESAR AVG PM TRP...
This piece would be about 25 mm across the lettering, and would still be light even if not trimmed. It may exhibit the shrinkage typical of cast coins.
 

    26 mm. 6:00. 5.64 grams.
Small bust.  Weakly struck. Well-formed letters. Good style. Edge shows no signs of casting.
... SAR AVG PM TR...
    Close to offical style, but light weight.
 

    26-22 mm.  9:00. 6.83 grams.
Irregular style. Some legible letters. Much flat striking.
... VDIVS C... M...
    /shield and "S" flat on reverse.
 

    26 mm. 5:30. 5.62 grams.
Head very crude, with a very weak face. (Lots of corrosion.) Traces of letters 1:00-5:00.
Crudely sketched Minerva, with crude S C.
 

Smaller and thinner pieces.

    ragged 23 mm. 5:30. 3.19 grams.
Weakly stuck, but portrait rreasonably well-done.
    /reverse off center and weak.
 

    24-21 mm. 6:00. 3.95 grams.
Crude, sharp-edged, porous, very corroded.
Some traces of letters.
    /S C both clipped by edge of flan.
 

    23-22 mm. 11:00. 3.41 grams.
Crude engraving. Thin flan.
 

    21 mm.  5:30.  3.73 grams.
Dark green patina. Weak strike and o/c toward 9:00 on obverse.
Some unclear lettering.  

LIBERTAS AVGVSTA reverse

An as. 30 mm. 12:00. 10.41 grams.                                                                           imitation:  27-25 mm. 6:00. 10.28 grams.
Prototype LIBERTAS AVGVSTA                                                                              Very low relief. Full weight, but a bit small in diameter.
Liberty standing  right, holds cap behind in right hand
TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP PP
Protoype: RIC 97. BMC 145. Struck AD 41-45 or 41-50.

The second is certainly not British, and I got both at the same time.

   27 mm. 6:30. 7.05 grams
BON countermark.  This coin may be from the Balkans, not Britain.
Kraay, in Essays Mattingly, suggests the BON countermark may have been applied under Nerva or Trajan. This coin is very worn, compatible with having circulated a long time.
BMC 164, a sestertius, and 184, a sestetius, both imitations, have this BON countermark, but there are no photos.
B&S 61/9 has BON countermark = Hunte I, 17.67 (7.87 g) with different c/m die.
 

   32 mm. 6:00. 17.49 grams
Weakly struck imitation of the SPES AVGVSTA type sestertius. (Prototype second-next below.)
Countermarked "DV" which is not listed in BMC I and therefore probably not a western countermark, supporting the dealer's attribution "from the Balkans".
Obverse legend almost all gone (or never there) but faint traces of "...R AVG PM .."
Reverse legend, if any originally, flat. 

   32 mm. 6:00. 13.47 grams
Better struck imitation of the SPES AVGVSTA type sestertius. (Prototype next below.)
Countermarked "DV" which is not listed in BMC I and which is coming to be recognized as from the Balkans.
Obverse legend:  ...CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG ..."
Reverse legend weak, but visible:  SPES AVGVSTA .
 

  AE35.
SPES AVGVSTA, Spes standing left, holding flower
Official sestertius.  Warren Esty (c) Copyright
    This type was comonly copied in Britain, but not as commonly as the Minerva as.
This site has no illustrations of British imitations of this type.
   

Claudius, CERES AVGVSTA
    AE27, 5:00.
Claudius imitation in excellent style, hard to distinguish from the official pieces.
TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG PM TRP IMP
    /CERES AVGVSTA, Ceres seated left, veiled and draped, on ornamental throne, holding 2 grain ears and nearly-horizontal long torch.
Prototype:  RIC 94. See alos RIC 110 of "c.50-54". B&S XIV pages 217-233. See 372 a "provincial imitation."  See 361/1 for dotted throne parts.
It is difficult to decide if this might be official. Official examples seem to have (weakly) barred A's. If this is truly an unofficial imitation, it is a remarkable one.
Obtained in Britain with a ticket calling it a "Romano-British imitation."

Claudius as, probably official, but a close call.
    AE28-27, as, 6:00, 10.57 grams.
This piece is off-center and the portrait is of slightly "heavy" style and the reverse figure looks a little primitive. But, the weight is right and the die-axis is right and the lettering is good. The diaphonous dress on Constantia is well done. All in all, I'll guess this one is official.
    /[.....]ESAR AVG PM TRP IMP, laureat head left
    /[CONSTANTIAE] AVGVSTI, Constantia standing left, heand raised to mouth.
Reference:  RIC 95, plate 16, page 127, of "AD 41 - 50(?+)".
I have included this coin in order to recommend Banti and Simonetti's volumes called "Corpus Numorum Romanorum" which have pages and pages on every type of Claudius, including 27 pages on this type (in volume XIV), with numerous imitations ilustrated in addtion to the numerous official examples. The line between "official" and "imitation" can be fine. Many British types are too crude to mistake for official coins, but some pieces (like this one) are cruder than the best official examples but not so crude as to make it easy to decide. I would not be surprised if some other experts pronounced this one an imitation.

Augustus, 27 BC - AD 14

    Leaded AE26, as, 4:00, 6.54 grams.
Imitation.  A British find.
Flat strike further defaced by a square piercing from the reverse side, perhaps by a nail.
CAESAR PONT MAX/bare head of Augustus right
    /ROM ET AV [sic] (It should finish AVG) beneath altar of Lugdunum dedicated to Rome and Augustus.
    columns on either side topped with Victories holding wreaths in outstretched (very long) arms
Ref:  (old) Sear 510. Sear 1690. RIC 230 "c. 15 BC - after 10 BC."  BMC 550, "10 - 6 BC(?)".
Banti & Simonetti, volume VI, pages 103-116.  "11 BC - 8 BC at Lugdunum." Most examples are c. 11.5-9.0 grams.
The lead component can been seen in the piercing (looking at the coin itself, if not the scan). The coin is somewhat smaller in diameter than its prototype and a bit too thin, which explains why it is so underweight for the type. This alone condemns it as false. In addition, the reverse style is a bit off and the exergual legend is incomplete. Perhaps the piercing was to deface the coin when it was detected as false.

DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER (prototype struck by Tiberius c. AD 22 - 30)  Warren Esty (c) 2001
    29 mm. 6:30. 8.59 grams.
Very close to official style. Could this be official, although light weight?
DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER
    /PROVIDENT, altar, large S C
Prototype:  RIC Tiberius 81, "weight peaks 11.5 - 10.0 grams, dies mainly 12:00"
B&S VI, pp.87-100. This piece has letters very slightly irregular, but it is much nicer than any of the 13 imitations pictured on pages 98-99.
BMC Tiberius 147-150.
Ex Vecchi auction 12, lot 1092.
 

    AE28.  6:00.
Official DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER/PROVIDENT, altar. Prototype of the above coin, and of the reverse of the next.
Lovely red color.
RIC 81 "c. AD 22/23 - ? 30" under Tiberius.  "Asses c. 11.5 - 10.0 grams."
B&S Volume VI, pages 87-100.
   

Agrippa (prototypes struck by Caligula, AD 37-41)

    27-26 mm.
Crude obverse legend -- better reverse legend.
head of Agrippa left, letter forms suggesting ... AVGVSTVS ... around
    /reverse of Divus Augustus type (see previous coin)
    /PROVIDENT below altar, S C on either side
Reverse prototype RIC 80, page 99, with portrait of Agrippa from Gaius (Caligula) 58.
Reverse prototype B&S VI page 88f, barbaric pieces not like this, p.98-101.
Obverse B&S VIII pp.90-99, with imitations p. 100-102-104, but not this reverse.
The next coin is obverse die-identical, which is very unusual.
 

Imitation. 26 mm.  6:00                                                                                   and its prototype
Obverse die-identical to the previous coin. However, this one has the usual Agrippa reverse.
    /Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident
RIC 58, page 112 comments in note 58, "many hybrids and imitations exist, in both cases extending over a considerable period of time."
B&S VIII prototype p. 83-99, with imitations p.100-1, 14 pieces but none very similar.
Prototype here:  AE28.  6:00
RIC Gaius 58, page 112 "AD 37 - 41."  (The first edition of RIC had this type under Tiberius.) BMC Tiberius 161. B&S VIII pages 84ff.
 

    25 mm. 7:00. 5.57 grams
Light weight imitation of good style. Official pieces are 9-13 grams.  (See prototype above)
[M A]GRIPPA L F COS [III]
    /Neptune standing left, holding dolphin and trident
B&S VIII p. 83-99 for the prototype, p. 100-1 for imitations.
Boon C&A plate III.36 (3.96 grams)

Augustus
  AE25-23. 7.87 grams.
A crude Balkan imitation.
I'm sorry, but I don't know what this one is supposed to be.

Continue with Other 1st and 2nd century AE imitations.

Return to the main page on Roman imitations.